shotgun messenger
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a shotgun messenger was a private "express messenger" and guard, especially on a stagecoach but also on a train, in charge of overseeing and guarding a valuable private shipment, such as particularly the contents of a strongbox (on a stagecoach) or safe (on a train). The express messenger for stagecoaches typically rode in a seat on top of the coach, next to the driver (this was usually on the driver's left, since stage drivers typically sat on the right). In the Old West of the 1880s, if a stagecoach had only a driver and no Wells Fargo messenger, this meant the coach carried no strongbox, and was thus a less interesting target for "road agents" (bandits).
Wells Fargo Co. express messengers typically carried a short (or sawn-off) 12- or 10-gauge double-barrelled shotgun, loaded with buckshot. This was a most effective weapon in use against pursuing riders. Such weapons were sometimes referred to as "messenger shotguns" or, more commonly, "coach guns" (a name still used today). To some extent these weapons also carried over to use by private guards in trains with strongboxes or safes, where they were again effective.
Like "gunslinger", the actual term "riding shotgun" was apparently never used until the 1920s fiction about the Old West. See also "calling shotgun" which dates from use in autos to about 1954, at a time it was being used in the popular TV series Gunsmoke.
External links
 Straight Dope Staff Report: What's the origin of "riding shotgun"? The Straight Dope Special Reports/Cecil's Mailbag Archive.
Hammer Percussion Shotguns Priced in Auctions, with hlebooks.com & collectorebooks.com. CollectorEbooks.com - Antiques & Collectibles resources.
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