miasma theory of disease
The miasma theory of disease held that diseases such as cholera were caused by a miasma (Greek language: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air".
Miasma is considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist that is filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that could cause illnesses and is identifiable by its nasty, foul smell (which, of course, came from the decomposed material). A prominent supporter of the miasma theory was Abaris the Hyperborean, who famously cleaned Sparta under Mount Taygetus from miasmata coming downhill.
The Miasma theory of disease began in the Middle Ages and continued on to the mid 1800s, when it was used as the cause of the spread of cholera in London. The disease was said to be preventable by cleansing and scouring of the body and items. Dr. William Farr, the assistant commissioner for the 1851 London census, was an important supporter of the miasma theory. He believed that cholera was transmitted by air, and that there was a deadly concentration of miasmata near the Thames River banks. Another proponent of the miasma theory was the famous Crimean War nurse, Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), who was made famous for her work in making hospitals sanitary and fresh smelling. She truly believed in the miasma theory, which is why she made sure the hospitals were free from any miasmata.
The theory of miasma seemed very likely to the English Sanitary reformers of the mid-nineteenth century. Miasma explained why cholera and other diseases were epidemic in places where the water was undrained and very foul-smelling. The theory led to improvements in the sanitation systems, which led to decreased episodes of cholera, which helped to support the theory.
Even though the miasma theory has been disproven, by the knowledge of viruses and bacteria, it made the connection between dirtyness and diseases. This caused public health reforms and encouraged cleanliness, even though some doctors still did not wash their hands between patients. They believed that the miasmata were only airborne, and would not be stuck on the doctors' hands.
The miasma theory was consistent with the observations that:
 disease was associated with poor sanitation (and hence foul odours) and that
sanitary improvements reduced disease,
but not with the observations of microbiology that led to the germ theory of disease.
So far as cholera is concerned, the miasma theory was disproved by John Snow following an epidemic in Soho, central London in 1854. Because of the miasmatic theory's predominance among Italian scientists, the 1854 discovery of Filippo Pacini of the bacillum that caused the disease was completely ignored, and the bacteria had to be rediscovered thirty years later by Robert Koch.
See also
Night Air (Superstition)
External links
Prevailing theories before the germ theory
Cholera theories
Term definition
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