mediterranean sea (oceanography)
 For the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa, see the Mediterranean Sea.
In oceanography, a mediterranean sea is a mostly enclosed sea that has limited exchange of deep water with outer oceans and where the water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences rather than winds.
The mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean
The Mediterranean Sea (or the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea): including the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, the Aegean Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the Ligurian Sea, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the Sea of Marmara.
The Arctic Ocean (or the Arctic Mediterranean Sea, considered an ocean by many)
The American Mediterranean Sea: the combination of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.
The Baltic Sea
Baffin Bay
The mediterranean seas of the Indian Ocean
The Persian Gulf
The Red Sea
The mediterranean sea between the Indian and Pacific Oceans
The Australasian Mediterranean Sea: the sea enclosed by the Sunda Islands and the Philippines, including the Banda Sea, the Sulu Sea, the Sulawesi Sea, the Java Sea, etc.
Types of mediterranean seas
There are two types of mediterranean sea.
Concentration basin
A concentration basin has a higher salinity than the outer ocean due to evaporation, and its water exchange consists of inflow of the fresher oceanic water in the upper layer and outflow of the saltier mediterranean water in the lower layer of the connecting channel.
*The Red Sea
*The Persian Gulf
*The Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea is also a concentration basin as a whole, but the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea are dilution basins (see below) owing to the Danube, Don, and Dnieper Rivers and the Po River respectively.
Dilution basin
A dilution basin has a lower salinity due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers, and its water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel. Renewal of deep water may not be sufficient to supply oxygen to the bottom.
*The Arctic Ocean
*The American Mediterranean Sea
*The Baltic Sea
*Baffin Bay
*The Australasian Mediterranean Sea
Exceptions
The Hudson Bay is so shallow it functions like a huge estuary.
Having shallow channels and deep basins, the Sea of Japan could form a mediterranean sea, but the strong currents from the Pacific prevent it from having an independent water circulation.
The Baltic Sea is a brackish inland sea, alleged to be the largest body of brackish water in the world (other possibilities include the Black Sea). It occupies a basin formed by glacial erosion.
See also
Ocean
Marginal sea
Inland sea
Seven seas
References
Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003. Regional Oceanography: an Introduction. (see the site)
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