holly
Holly (Ilex) is a genus of about 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. One other genus, the monotypic Nemopanthus (Mountain Holly), was formerly separated from Ilex on the basis that its flowers have a reduced calyx and narrow petals, and also in cytology, being tetraploid, whereas Ilex is diploid. However, following analysis of molecular data, Mountain Holly has now been merged into Ilex, as I. mucronata; it is closely related to I. amelanchier.[Powell, M., Savolainen, V., Cuénoud, P., Manen, J. F., & Andrews, S. (2000). The mountain holly (Nemopanthus mucronatus: Aquifoliaceae) revisited with molecular data. Kew Bulletin 55: 341–347.][Gottlieb, A. M., Giberti, G. C., & Poggio, L. (2005). Molecular analyses of the genus Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) in southern South America, evidence from AFLP and ITS sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 92: 352-369. Available online.]
Description and ecology
Hollies are shrubs and trees from 2–25 m tall, with a wide distribution in Asia, Europe, north Africa, and North and South America. The leaves are simple, and can be either deciduous or evergreen depending on the species, and may be entire, finely toothed, or with widely-spaced, spine-tipped serrations. They are mostly dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants, with some exceptions. Pollination is mainly by bees and other insects. The fruits are small drupes, usually with four to six pits, and range in color from red to purple-black.[Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens, and M. J. Donoghue. (2008). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA. p. 494.]
Holly berries are mildly toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by people. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the fall and early winter the berries are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the berries soften, and become milder in taste. During winter storms, birds often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from predators (by the spiny leaves), and food. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the larva of the Double-striped Pug moth (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata). Other Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on holly include Bucculatrix ilecella (which feeds exclusively on hollies) and The Engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia). The Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) is another well-known animal feeding on holly leaves. Also holly is commonly referenced at Christmas time.
Having evolved numerous species that are endemic to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare. Tropical species are especially often threatened by habitat destruction and overexploitation, and at least two have become extinct, with numerous others barely surviving.[International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)}} (2007): 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Ilex]
Selected species[Ulloa Ulloa & Jørgensen (1993), eFloras.org (2007a, b), IUCN (2007), RBGE (2007), USDA (2007a, b)]
 Ilex abscondita Ilex acutidenticulata Ilex × altaclarensis Ilex altiplana Ilex ambigua – Sand Holly Ilex amelanchier – Swamp Holly Ilex anomala Ilex anonoides Ilex aquifolium – European Holly Ilex aracamuniana Ilex arisanensis Ilex bioritsensis Ilex brachyphylla Ilex brasiliensis Ilex brevipedicellata Ilex buergeri Ilex canariensis – Small-leaved Holly Ilex caniensis Ilex cassine – Dahoon Holly, Cassena Ilex centrochinensis Ilex cerasifolia Ilex chengkouensis Ilex chinensis Ilex chuniana Ilex ciliolata Ilex ciliospinosa Ilex colchica Ilex collina Ilex conocarpa Ilex cookii – Cook's Holly Ilex corallina Ilex coriacea – " gallberry" Ilex cornuta – Chinese Holly Ilex costaricensis Ilex cowanii Ilex crenata – Japanese Holly, Box-leaved Holly, inutsuge ( Japanese) Ilex cyrtura Ilex dabieshanensis Ilex davidsei Ilex decidua – Meadow Holly, " deciduous holly", " possumhaw", " swamp holly" Ilex dehongensis Ilex dimorphophylla Ilex diospyroides Ilex dipyrena – Himalayan Holly Ilex ericoides Ilex euryoides Ilex fargesii Ilex fengqingensis Ilex florifera Ilex gardneriana ( extinct: 20th century?) Ilex geniculata Ilex georgei Ilex glabella Ilex glabra – Evergreen Winterberry, Appalachian Tea, Dye-leaves, " gallberry", " inkberry" Ilex gleasoniana Ilex goshiensis Ilex graciliflora Ilex grandiflora Ilex guaiquinimae Ilex guayusa – Guayusa Ilex harrisii Ilex holstii Ilex huachamacariana Ilex ignicola Ilex illustris Ilex integerrima Ilex integra Ilex intricata Ilex jamaicana Ilex jauaensis Ilex jelskii Ilex karuaiana Ilex khasiana Ilex kingiana Ilex kudingcha Ilex kusanoi Ilex laevigata Ilex lasseri Ilex latifolia – Tarajo Holly, tarayō (Japanese) Ilex lechleri Ilex leucoclada Ilex longipes Ilex longzhouensis Ilex machilifolia Ilex maclurei Ilex macrocarpa Ilex macropoda Ilex magnifructa Ilex maingayi Ilex marahuacae Ilex marginata Ilex margratesavage Ilex mathewsii Ilex mitis Ilex montana – Mountain Winterberry Ilex mucronata – Mountain Holly, Catberry Ilex myrtifolia – Myrtle Holly Ilex neblinensis Ilex nothofagifolia Ilex oblonga Ilex occulta Ilex opaca – American Holly Ilex palawanica Ilex pallida Ilex paraguariensis – Yerba Mate, erva-mate ( Brazil) Ilex parvifructa Ilex patens Ilex pauciflora Ilex paujiensis Ilex pedunculosa Ilex peiradena Ilex perado – Madeiran Holly Ilex perlata Ilex pernyi – Perny's Holly Ilex polita Ilex praetermissa Ilex pringlei Ilex puberula Ilex pubescens Ilex pubiflora Ilex purpurea Ilex qianlingshanensis Ilex quercetorum Ilex rarasanensis Ilex reticulata Ilex rotunda Ilex rugosa Ilex sclerophylla Ilex serrata – Japanese Winterberry Ilex sessilifructa Ilex shimeica Ilex sikkimensis Ilex sintenisii – Sintenis' Holly Ilex sipapoana Ilex socorroensis Ilex spinigera Ilex spruceana Ilex steyermarkii Ilex subrotundifolia Ilex subtriflora Ilex sugerokii Ilex sulcata Ilex syzygiophylla Ilex tahanensis Ilex tateana Ilex taubertiana Ilex ternatiflora ( extinct: 20th century?) Ilex theezans Ilex tiricae Ilex tolucana Ilex trachyphylla Ilex trichocarpa Ilex tugitakayamensis Ilex uraiensis Ilex vaccinoides Ilex venezuelensis Ilex venulosa Ilex verticillata – American Winterberry, Virginian Winterberry, Michigan Holly, Winterberry Holly, Black Alder Winterberry, Deciduous Winterberry, Fever Bush, Brook Alder, False Alder, Striped Alder, " Black Alder", " coralberry", " deciduous holly", " inkberry", " possumhaw", " swamp holly", " White Alder" Ilex vomitoria – Yaupon Holly, casseena ( Spanish) Ilex vulcanicola Ilex wenchowensis Ilex williamsii Ilex wilsonii Ilex yunnanensis Ilex wugonshanensis Ilex yuiana
Etymology
The origin of the word "holly" is Old English , which is related to Old High German . The French word for holly, , derives from the Old High German word, as do Low German/Low Franconian terms like Hülse or hulst. These Germanic words appear to be related to words for holly in Celtic languages, such as Welsh and Irish .
The botanical name ilex was the original Latin name for the Holm Oak (Quercus ilex), which has similar foliage to common holly, and is occasionally confused with it.
Uses
In many western cultures, holly is a traditional Christmas decoration, used especially in wreaths. The wood is heavy, hard and whitish; one traditional use is for chess pieces, with holly for the white pieces, and ebony for the black. Other uses include turnery, inlay work and as firewood. Looms in the 1800s used holly for the spinning rod. Because holly is dense and can be sanded very smooth, the rod was less likely than other woods to snag threads being used to make cloth.
Many of the hollies are highly decorative, and are widely used as ornamental plants in gardens and parks. Several hybrids and numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, among them the very popular Ilex × altaclerensis (I. aquifolium × I. perado) and Ilex × meserveae (I. aquifolium × I. rugosa).[Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.] Hollies are often used by homeowners and landscape architects for hedges; the sharp thorns of many species deter unauthorised persons from entering private properties, and may prevent break-ins if planted under windows and near drainpipes. The aesthetic characteristics of holly plants, in conjunction with their home security qualities, makes them a good choice for hedges.[Northumbria Police: Security starts at the Garden Gate] In Heraldry, holly is used to symbolise truth.
Between the thirteenth and eighteenth century, before the introduction of turnips, holly was cultivated for use as winter fodder for cattle and sheep.[Spray, M. (1981). Holly as a Fodder in England. Agricultural History Review 29 (2): 97. Available online (pdf file). British Agricultural History Society.] Less spiny varieties of holly were preferred, and in practice the leaves growing near the top of the tree have far fewer spines making them more suitable for fodder.
Several holly species are used to make caffeine-rich herbal teas. The South American Yerba Mate (I. paraguariensis) is boiled for the popular revigorating drinks Mate, and Chimarrão, and steeped in water for the cold Tereré. Guayusa (I. guayusa) is used both as a stimulant and as an admixture to the entheogenic tea ayahuasca; its leaves have the highest known caffeine content of any plant. In North and Central America, Yaupon (I. vomitoria), was used by southeastern Native Americans as a ceremonial stimulant and emetic known as "the black drink"[Cherokee: Gvnega adatasti (ᎬᏁᎦ ᎠᏓᏔᏍᏘ), Asi (ᎠᏏ).]. As the name suggests, the tea's purgative properties were one of its main uses, most often ritually. Evergreen Winterberry (Appalachian Tea, I. glabra) is a milder substitute for Yaupon. In China, the young leaf buds of I. kudingcha are processed in a method similar to green tea to make a tisane called kǔdīng chá (苦丁茶, roughly "bitter spikeleaf tea").
References
Image:Ilex anomala.jpg|Ilex anomala
Image:Ilex chinensis1.jpg|Ilex chinensis
Image:Ilex pedunculosa5.jpg|Ilex pedunculosa
Image:Ilex rotunda5.jpg|Ilex rotunda
Image:winterberry1.jpg|Ilex verticillata
Image:Yunnan Holly Ilex yunnanensis Sprig 3008px.jpg|Ilex yunnanensis
Image:Contorted Hedgehog Holly.JPG|A contorted hedgehog holly.
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