clerical script
The clerical script (; pinyin: lìshū; Japanese: 隷書体, Reishotai;), formerly also chancery script, is an archaic style of Chinese calligraphy which evolved in the Warring States period to Qin dynasty, was dominant in the Han dynasty, and remained in use through the Wèi-Jìn (晉) periods.[As discussed and referenced below, proto-clerical emerged in the late Warring States to Qin; it is also widely known that clerical matured in the early Han. Although popularly associated only with the Han dynasty, clerical actually remained in use alongside cursive, neo-clerical and semi-cursive scripts until after the Wei-Jin period, when the modern standard script became dominant; see Qiu 2000, p.113] Due to its high legibility to modern readers, is still used for artistic flavor in a variety of functional applications such as headlines, signboards and advertisements. This legibility stems from the highly rectilinear structure, a feature shared with modern regular script (kaishu), as well as from the fact that clerical is its nearest predecessor in time. In structure and rectilinearity it is generally similar to the modern script; however, in contrast with the tall to square modern script, it tends to be square to wide, and often has a pronounced, wavelike flaring of isolated major strokes, especially a dominant rightward or downward diagonal stroke. Some structures are also archaic.
Origins
Clerical script is popularly but mistakenly thought to have developed or been invented in the early Hàn dynasty from the small seal script. There are also historical traditions dating to the Hàn dynasty which mistakenly attributed the creation of clerical script to the Qín dynasty and in particular to Chéng Miǎo, who was said to have invented it at the behest of Qín Shĭhuáng.[Qiú Xīguī (2000). Chinese Writing. Translation of 文字學概論 by Mattos and Norman. Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 1-55729-071-7, p.103, esp. footnote 28. Qiu cites Caì Yōng as saying: "Cheng Miao got rid of ancient (script) and established the clerical script forms".] Another traditional account is that it was invented by government scribes, in particular those involved in the justice and penal systems[This is the version given in the Hanshu, acc. to Táng Lán (唐蘭) 1979.《中國文字學》（上海：上海古籍出版社）。Zhōnggúo Wénzìxué (Chinese Linguistics). Shànghǎi Gǔjí Publishing, p.165, and Qiu 2000, p.107]. However, from written materials unearthed by archaeologists, it is now known that all stages of Chinese writing underwent periods of natural evolution, and none of them were inventions by one person; this is true of clerical script as well[Qiu 2000 p.107]. Furthermore, rather than being established by government scribes, it has been argued that clerical script was already in popular use, and the Qín dynasty use by scribes merely reflects this trend[Táng Lán 1979, p.165, cited in Qiu 2000, p.107; this does not, however, preclude influence by those scribes and even Cheng Miao in the process; as Qiu notes, Cheng Miao may have played a role in systematizing the script, thus leading to the mistaken tradition of his inventing it (Qiu p.107), much as Li Si's standardization of the already extant small seal script led to misperceptions that he had invented it.]. Archaeological discoveries now clearly show that an immature form of clerical script ('proto-clerical') was already developing in the state of Qín during the late Warring States period[Qiu 2000; p.59 & p.104], and into the early Western Hàn; this can be seen on a number of bamboo books unearthed recently.[Qiu 2000, p.108]. Furthermore, the writing immediately preceding clerical script was not merely seal script; rather, there was a coexistence of seal script (the at-first dominant and formal style) alongside an increasingly popular but secondary form of 'vulgar', 'popular' or 'common' writing which was very roughly executed and which was generally rectilinear[Qiu 2000, p.104]. The popularity of this vulgar writing grew as the use of writing itself became more widespread[Qiu 2000, p.104]. The structures and style of many of the characters executed in this vulgar writing were similar or even identical to their later clerical script counterparts[Qiu 2000, p.104-5; others were similar or identical to the forms of cursive script and were instrumental in its formation -- Qiu p.108-9], leading some to conclude that proto-clerical (and therefore clerical) script evolved not from seal script but from the vulgar writing of Qín which coexisted with seal script in the late Warring States to Qín dynasty[Qiu 2000, p.107]. The Qín bamboo script is a good example of this transition, having evolved from vulgar Qín writing and considered by some to constitute Qín clerical script[Qiu 2000, p.104-6].
Name
The Chinese name for the script, lìshū (), is somewhat problematic. Lì meant a slave or prisoner serving the state, and thus some infer that the script was used in recording the affairs related to such slaves, while others infer that it was used by prisoners conscripted as scribes[Qiu 2000, p.111]. Regardless, the term may be indicative of the low social status of the script at first.
Usage and Further Evolution
During the late Warring States, proto-clerical script emerged in casual, informal usage. During the Qin dynasty it appears to have also been used in some scribal capacity, but never in formal usage. Maturing into clerical script in the early Han, it soon became the dominant script for general purposes, while seal script remained in use for the most formal purposes such as some stelae, signet seals (name chops), and especially the titles of written works and stelae; some cursive was also in use at the time[Qiu 2000, p.113]. Out of clerical script a new form then emerged in the middle of the Eastern Han dynasty, which Qiu (2000, p.113) terms 'neo-clerical' script; it was from this neo-clerical and from cursive that by late in the Eastern Han semicursive would then evolve, out of which then emerged the modern standard script. Thus, the evolution from clerical script to standard script was not a direct step as commonly supposed[Qiu 2000, p.113].
Notes
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