Classical

The word classical has several meanings:

Culture

Classical antiquity and the study of "the classics", refers to the culture of Ancient Greece or Rome

*"High classical" refers to Greek art associated mainly with Athens and the works atop the Acropolis

"Classical Chinese" or "classical Indian" culture refers to a perceived apex in the development of a society or of its arts and sciences

"Classical French" culture refers specifically to the 18th century, rather than Ancient Greece or Rome. This causes confusions in translation.

Classicism can be understood as defining and long-lasting civilizational patterns shaped by belief systems.

Classical language

The arts

Pertaining to the arts (painting, music, literature, etc.), the word classical often refers to a specific time period or artistic style:

Classical architecture originated from Roman and Greek construction methods, which were later used as a model for "neo–" and "revival" architectural styles

Classical music

Classical music era

Classical dance, or ballet

Classicism

Classical education movement refers to the educational tradition based upon the trivium and quadrivium.

Classical philosophy

Indian classical music

Classical Indian dance

Classical liberalism

Non-Western classical music

Science

The word 'classical' is applied to any mode of scientific thought prevalent up to the time of some radical new innovation, or any scientific area of study that has well established roots, typically pre-nineteenth century.

Classical mechanics, in physics, as founded by e.g. Galilei, Newton and formalized by Hamilton and Lagrange (developed before the advent of modern quantum mechanics) (see also the page about classical physics)

* Classical mechanics is Newtonian physics, i.e. physics as it was before special relativity and quantum mechanics. In other words, the limit of physics as c2 goes to infinity and h goes to zero.

* Special relativity is classical in contrast with general relativity and quantum mechanics.

* The theory of relativity including general relativity is classical in contrast with quantum field theory.

*Semiclassical physics, an approximate solution to a problem generated by assuming that for parts of the system, the results of classical physics does not differ too much from that of the quantum mechanics method.

Classical electrodynamics, as formalized by Maxwell

Classical logic, in mathematical logic includes the family of
bivalent logics where every proposition is either true or false. Many non-classical logics exist, the most notable of which is intuitionistic logic

"Classical control theory" applies control theory to analog systems. Based on classical math methods such as Laplace transforms and calculus, as opposed to the more recent digital control systems theory - based on more modern methods such as the z transforms.

Classical economics is the school of the first economists starting with Adam Smith. Its modern successor is neoclassical economics

Classical

Culture

The arts

Science

See also