1878
Year 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
January - March
 January - Cleopatra's Needle arrives in London
January 9 - Humbert I becomes King of Italy
January 5 - Battle of Shipka Pass IV
January 17 - Battle of Plovdiv
January 23 - Benjamin Disraeli orders British fleet to the Dardanelles
January 24 - The revolutionary Vera Zasulich shoots at Fyodor Trepov, the Governor of Saint Petersburg.
January 28 - The Yale News becomes the first daily, college newspaper in the United States.
January 31 - Turkey agrees to armistice at Adrianople
February 2 - Greece declares war on Turkey.
February 8 - British fleet enters Turkish waters and anchors off Istanbul - Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul but does not carry out the threat
February 18 - The Lincoln County War begins in Lincoln County, New Mexico
February 19 - The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison
February 20 - Pope Leo XIII succeeds Pope Pius IX as the 256th pope.
February 24 - Anti-Russian demonstrations in Hyde Park, London
February 28 - Mississippi State University is created by the Mississippi Legislature (under the name The Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi)
March 3
*Bulgaria regains its independence from Ottoman Empire.
*The Treaty of San Stefano concludes the Russo-Turkish War
March 24 - The UK frigate Eurydice sinks, killing 300.
March 25 - Russia rejects British proposal to lay San Stefano treaty before European congress
March 27 - In anticipation of war with Russia, Disraeli mobilizes the reserves and calls up Indian troops to Malta
April - June
April 20 - The Stawell Gift is run for the first time.
May 15 - Tokyo Stock Exchange established
June 4 - Cyprus Convention: The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom but retains nominal title.
June 10 - League of Prizren is established
June 12 - July 12 - Congress of Berlin about the Ottoman Empire
June 22 - Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld leaves Karlskrona on a voyage that will make him the first to navigate the Northern Sea Route, a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast.
July - September
July 13 - The Treaty of Berlin makes Serbia, Montenegro and Romania completely independent
July 26 - In California, the poet and American West outlaw calling himself "Black Bart" makes his last clean getaway when he steals a safe box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box will be found later with a taunting poem inside.
August 9 - The Wallingford Tornado of 1878, the deadliest tornado in Connecticut history, destroys the town of Wallingford, killing 34 people and injuring 70 or more.
September 3 - Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat collides with the Bywell Castle in the River Thames.
September 20 - The Hindu, an Indian newspaper, is founded.
September 30 - The ship Priscilla arrives in Hawaii from Funchal, Madeira, marking the beginning of the Portuguese immigration to the Hawaiian Islands (1878-1913).
October - December
October 1 - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) opens as Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College.
October 14 - The world's first recorded floodlit football fixture is played at Bramall Lane in Sheffield
October 17 - John A. Macdonald returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.
November 17 - First assassination attempt against Umberto I of Italy.
November 21 - Second Afghan War commences when the British attack Ali Masjid in the Khyber Pass.
Undated
Yellow fever in Mississippi Valley - over 13,000 dead
US arbitration rejects Argentine claims to Paraguay's part of Chaco region
Otto von Bismarck abandons Kulturkampf.
Otto von Bismarck forces through a law outlowing Social Democrats.
Foundations:
The Buchan School, Isle of Man.
Newton Heath Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Football Club, the team that would become Manchester United
Everton Football Club, then known as St Domingo
West Bromwich Albion F.C. play their first match.
Grimsby Town FC then known as Grimsby Pelham
Geiger (Corporation) initially known as Geiger Brothers.
January - June
January 6 - Carl Sandburg, American poet and historian (d. 1967)
January 12 - Ferenc Molnár, author (d. 1952)
January 25 - Ernst Alexanderson, Swedish-born television pioneer (d. 1975)
February 1 - Milan Hodža, Slovak politician, champion of regional integration in Europe (d. 1944)
February 2 - Alfréd Hajós, Hungarian swimmer and architect (d. 1955)
February 5 - André Citroën, French automobile manufacturer (d. 1935)
February 8 - Martin Buber, Austrian philosopher (d. 1965)
February 14 - Hirota Koki, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948)
February 21 - The Mother (Mirra Alfassa), multi-origined spiritual leader and founder of Auroville in India (d. 1973)
February 26 - Emmy Destinn, Czech soprano (d. 1930)
February 28 - Pierre Fatou, French mathematician (d. 1929)
March 4
*Egbert Van Alstyne, United States songwriter and pianist (d. 1951)
*Peter D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher (d. 1947)
*Arishima Takeo, Japanese novelist, short-story writer and essayist (d. 1923)
March 16 - Clemens August Graf von Galen, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1946)
March 22 - Michel Théato, Luxembourg athlete (d. 1919)
March 31 - Jack Johnson, American boxer (d. 1946)
April 6 - Erich Mühsam, German author (d. 1934)
April 24 - Jean Crotti, Swiss artist (d. 1958)
April 28
*Lionel Barrymore, American actor (d. 1954)
*Willem Mengelberg, Dutch conductor (d. 1951)
May 3 - Cruz Hernandez, unverified claimant to be world's oldest person (d. 2007)
May 10 - Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1929)
May 25 - Bill Robinson, Tap Dancer (d. 1949)
May 26 - Isadora Duncan, American dancer (d. 1927)
May 28 - Paul Pelliot, French sinologist (d. 1945)
June 1 - John Masefield, English poet and novelist (d. 1967)
June 3 - Barney Oldfield, American automobile racer and pioneer (d. 1946)
June 5 - Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1923)
July - December
July 4 - George M. Cohan, American singer, dancer, composer, actor, and writer (d. 1942)
July 24 - Edward Plunkett, Baron Dunsany, Irish author (d. 1957)
August 10 - Alfred Döblin, German writer (d. 1957)
August 28 - George Whipple, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976)
August 31 - Frank Jarvis, American athlete (d. 1933)
September 5 - Robert von Lieben, Austrian physicist (d. 1913)
September 13 - Matilde Moisant, American pilot (d. 1964)
September 20 - Upton Sinclair, American writer (d. 1968)
September 22 - Yoshida Shigeru, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1967)
September 24 - C. F. Ramuz, Swiss writer (d. 1947)
October 1 - Othmar Spann, Austrian philosopher and economist (d. 1950)
October 16 - Maxey Long, American athlete (d. 1959)
November 1 - Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Argentine politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1959)
November 14 - Leopold Staff, Polish poet (d. 1957)
*Julie Manet - French painter (d. 1966)
November 17 - Grace Abbott, American social worker and activist (d. 1939)
December 18 - Joseph Stalin, Soviet leader (d. 1953)
December 25
*Louis Chevrolet, Swiss-born race driver and automobile builder (d. 1941)
*Joseph Schenck, Russian-born film executive (d. 1961)
December 28 - Nikolai Bryukhanov, Soviet statesman and political figure who served as People's Commissar of Finances (d.1938)
December 31 - Elizabeth Arden, Canadian-born beautician and cosmetics entrepreneur (d. 1966)
December 31 - Horacio Quiroga, Argentina's writer was born in Salto, Uruguay (d. 1937)
January - June
January 8 - Nikolay Nekrasov, Russian poet (b. 1821)
January 9 - King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (b. 1820)
January 18 - Antoine César Becquerel, French scientist (b. 1788)
February 7 - Pope Pius IX (b. 1792)
February 11 - Gideon Welles, American politician (b. 1802)
February 19 - Charles-Francois Daubigny, French painter (b. 1817)
February 26 - Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer (b. 1818)
March 8 - Archduke Franz Karl of Austria (b. 1802)
April 8 - Henrietta Treffz, soprano, first wife of Johann Strauss II (b. 1818)
April 12 - William Marcy Tweed, American politician (b. 1823)
April 25 - Anna Sewell, English author (b. 1820)
May 28 - John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1792)
June 6
*Robert Stirling, Scottish clergyman and inventor (b. 1790)
*Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers, Marshal of France (b. 1795)
*Porter Rockwell, Mormon bodyguard (b. 1815)
June 12
*George V of Hanover (b. 1819)
*Hendrik Jut, murderer (b. 1851)
July - December
July 1 - Catherine Winkworth, translator of hymns (b. 1827)
July 17 - Aleardo Aleardi, Italian poet (b. 1812)
July 23 - Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky, Bohemian pathologist, philosopher and politician (b. 1804)
August 30 - James Geiss, English businessman (b. 1820)
November 16 - Princess Marie of Hesse dies aged for of diptheria. A disease which at the time the majority of her family suffered, and which her mother Alice of the United Kingdom succumbed to a month later.
November 20 - William Thomas (Islwyn), Welsh poet (b. 1832)
November 28 - Orson Hyde, American religious leader (b. 1805)
December 10 - Henry Wells, American businessman (b. 1805)
December 14 - Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine (b. 1843)
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