1871
Year 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
January - March
 January 2 - Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
January 18 - The member-states of the North German Federation and the south German states unite into a single nation-state known as the German Empire. The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany.
January 21 - Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops win in Dijon
March 21 - Marriage of Princess Louise to John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, whose father, the 8th Duke of Argyll, is the serving Secretary of State for India.
March 22 - In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.
March 26 - The Paris Commune is formally established in Paris.
March 27 - First Rugby Union International: Scotland 4-1 England.
March 29 - The Royal Albert Hall is opened by Queen Victoria.
April - June
April - Stockholms Handelsbank is founded.
April 20 - United States President US Grant signs the Ku Klux Klan Act.
May 4- First MLB baseball game is played.
May 10 - France surrenders to end the Franco-Prussian War
May 11 - First trial of the case of Tichborne Claimant begins in the London Court of Common Pleas.
May 21-30 - French Third Republic. Government troops invade Paris Commune and crush the rebellion.
June 10 - Capt McLane Tilton leads 109 Marines in naval attack on Han River forts in Korea.
June 18 -- University Tests Act removes religious tests at Oxford, Cambridge and Durham universities.
July - September
July 20
*British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada.
*C. W. Alcock proposes that "a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association", giving birth to the FA Cup.
August 29 - Abolition of the han system in Japan.
August 31 - Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic.
September - 1,219 people abandon thirty-three whaling ships caught in the ice off the north coast of Alaska in the Whaling Disaster of 1871.
October - December
October 8 - Four major fires break out on the shores of Lake Michigan in Chicago, Peshtigo, Wisconsin, Holland, Michigan, and Manistee, Michigan. The Great Chicago Fire is the most famous of these, leaving nearly 100,000 people homeless, although the Peshtigo Fire kills as many as 2,500 people making it the deadliest fire in United States history.
October 20 - The Royal Regiment of Artillery formed the first regular Canadian army units when they created two batteries of garrison artillery which eventually became The Royal Canadian Artillery.
October 27
*The Comte de Chambord refuses to be crowned 'King Henry V of France' until France abandons its tricolour and returns to the old Bourbon flag.
*Grand Sachem of Tammany Hall Boss Tweed arrested
November 5 - Six men travelling by stagecoach are murdered by Yavapai in the Wickenburg massacre
November 10 - Henry Morton Stanley locates missing explorer and missionary, Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, and greets him saying "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
November 17 - The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York.
December 10 - The German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tries to ban Catholics from the political stage by introducing harsh laws concerning the separation of church and state.
December 19 - The city of Birmingham, Alabama (USA) was incorporated.
December 25 - Reading Football Club formed
December 26 - Thespis, the first of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, premières. It does modestly well, but the two will not collaborate again for four years.
Undated
The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine are transferred from France to Germany.
British trade unions are legalized.
Heinrich Schliemann begins the excavation of Troy.
Japan forms its own police force based on French model.
George Biddell Airy discovers astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium.
William M. Tweed serves his last year as the "Boss" of Tammany Hall.
Neath RFC founded
Cary, North Carolina named in honor of Samuel Fenton Cary
Harvard Summer School founded
Constitution of German Empire abolishes all restrictions on Jewish marriage, choice of occupation, place of residence and property ownership. Exclusion from government employment and discrimination in social relations remain.
January - June
January 7 - Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel, French mathematician and politician (d. 1956)
January 30 - Wilfred Lucas, Canadian-born actor (d. 1940)
February 4 - Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (d. 1925)
February 18 - Harry Brearley, English inventor (d. 1948)
March 1 - Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (d. 1938)
March 4 - Boris Galerkin, Russian mathematician (d. 1945)
March 5 - Rosa Luxemburg, German politician (d. 1919)
March 19 - Schofield Haigh, English cricketer (d. 1921)
March 27 - Heinrich Mann, German writer (d. 1950)
March 31 - Arthur Griffith, President of Ireland (d. 1922)
April 8 - Clarence Hudson White American photographer (d. 1925)
May 3 - Walter Robinson Parr, English-born pastor (d. 1922)
May 6
* Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate (d. 1935)
* Christian Morgenstern, German author (d. 1914)
May 27 - Georges Rouault, French painter and graphic artist (d. 1958)
June 14 - Jacob Ellehammer, Danish inventor (d. 1946)
July - December
July 10 - Marcel Proust, French writer (d. 1922)
July 17 - Lyonel Feininger, German painter (d. 1956)
July 18 - Sada Yacco, Japanese stage actress (d. 1946)
July 25 - Richard Ernest Turner, Canadian soldier (d. 1961)
August 1 - John Lester, American cricketer (d. 1969)
August 14 - Guangxu Emperor of China (d. 1908)
August 19 - Orville Wright, American aviation pioneer, co-inventor of the airplane with brother Wilbur (d. 1948)
August 25 - Ross Winn, American anarchist writer and publisher (d. 1912)
August 27 - Theodore Dreiser, American writer (d. 1945)
August 29 - Albert Lebrun, French politician (d. 1950)
August 30 - Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New Zealand physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1937)
September 1 - J. Reuben Clark, Under Secretary of State (d. 1961)
September 10 - Charles Collett, Great Western Railway Chief mechanical engineer (d. 1952)
September 24 - Lottie Dod, English athlete (d. 1960)
September 26 - Winsor McCay, American cartoonist and animator (d. 1934)
September 27 - Grazia Deledda, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)
October 2 - Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)
October 19 - Walter Bradford Cannon, Physiologist (d. 1945)
October 30
* Paul Valéry, French poet (d. 1945)
* Buck Freeman, baseball player (d. 1949)
November 1 - Stephen Crane, American writer (d. 1900)
November 3 - Albert Goldthorpe, English rugby league footballer
December 9 - Joe Kelley, Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1943)
December 13 - Emily Carr, Canadian artist (d. 1945)
January - June
January 15 - Edward C. Delevan, American temperance movement leader (b. 1793)
January 19 - Sir William Denison, Governor of New South Wales (b. 1804)
February 12 - Alice Cary, poet (b. 1820)
February 20 - Paul Kane, Irish-born painter (b. 1810)
March 18 - Augustus De Morgan, Professor of mathematics and mathematician (b. 1806)
April 7 - Prince Alexander John of Wales (b. April 6, prematurely)
May 11 - John Herschel, English astronomer (b. 1792)
May 12 - Elzéar-Henri Juchereau Duchesnay, Canadian politician (b. 1809)
May 23 - Jaroslaw Dabrowski, Polish general (b. 1836)
July - December
July 31 - Phoebe Cary, poet (b. 1824)
September 20 - John Coleridge Patteson, Anglican bishop and missionary (martyred) (b. 1827)
September 23 - Louis-Joseph Papineau, Canadian politician (b. 1786)
October 18 - Charles Babbage, English mathematician and inventor (b. 1791)
November 22 - Oscar James Dunn, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana (b. 1825)
December 28 - John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (b. 1809)
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