1838
Year 1838 (MDCCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
January - June
 January 10 - A fire destroys Lloyd's Coffee House and the Royal Exchange in London.
April 8 - Regular Atlantic steamship service begins with the SS Great Western.
April 30 - Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation (See Nicaragua's early history)
May - The People's Charter drawn up in the United Kingdom demanding universal suffrage.
May 26 - USA: Trail of Tears - forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe.
November 3 - The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce is founded. This paper was later renamed to The Times of India in 1861
November 5 - Central American Civil War begins with Honduras' separation from the Central American Federation.
December - Beginning of Pastry War: Mexico invaded by French forces
Undated
Yucatan declares independence from Mexico
Proteins discovered by Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Friedrich Bessel makes the first accurate measurement of distance to a star.
Biblical criticism: Christian Hermann Weisse proposes the two-source hypothesis.
Duke University is established in North Carolina.
40,000 chests of opium are sold in China.
Ongoing
War of the Confederation (1836-39)
War of Tatters (1835-45)
January - June
January 4 - General Tom Thumb, American circus performer and entertainer (d. 1883)
January 6 - Max Bruch, German composer (d. 1920)
January 16 - Franz Brentano, German philosopher and psychologist (d. 1917)
February 6 - Henry Irving, English actor (d. 1905)
February 10 - Gustav Oelwein, founder of Oelwein, Iowa (d. 1913)
February 16 - Henry Brooks Adams, American historian (d. 1918)
February 18 - Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (d. 1916)
March 3 - George William Hill, American astronomer (d. 1914)
March 11 - Okuma Shigenobu, Japanese politician (d. 1922)
April 3 - John Willis Menard, African-American politician (d. 1893)
April 8 - Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German inventor (d. 1917)
April 12 - John Shaw Billings, M.D., American military and medical leader (d. 1913)
April 16 - Martha McClellan Brown, American temperance movement leader (d. 1916)
April 28 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1913)
April 21 - John Muir, American ecologist (d. 1914)
May 10 - John Wilkes Booth, American actor and assassin (d. 1865)
May 20 - Jules Méline, French statesman (d. 1925)
July - December
September 2 - Liliuokalani of Hawai'i, last Queen of Hawaii (d. 1917)
October 6 - Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot and writer (d. 1910)
October 25 - Georges Bizet, French composer (d. 1875)
October 31 - King Luis I of Portugal (d. 1889)
November 7 - Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, French writer (d. 1889)
November 13 - Joseph Fielding Smith, tenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1918)
December 3 - Cleveland Abbe, American meteorologist (d. 1916)
December 19 - Khedrup Gyatso, eleventh Dalai Lama (d. 1856)
December 20 - Edwin Abbott Abbott, theologian and author (d. 1926)
December 30 - Émile Loubet, 7th President of France (d. 1929)
Jamal-al-Din Afghani, teacher and writer (d. 1897).
January - June
January 3 - Prince Maximilian of Saxony (b. 1759)
January 5 - Anthony Van Egmond, rebel leader in Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 {died in jail}
February 21 - Silvestre de Sacy, linguist (b. 1758)
March 13 - Poul Martin Møller, philosopher (b. 1794)
April 6 - José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, Brazilian statesman and naturalist (b. 1763)
April 9 - Piet Uys, Voortrekker leader (in battle) (b. 1797)
May - Francisco Gómez, president of El Salvador (b. 1796)
May 17 - Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French diplomat (b. 1754)
May 19 - Richard Colt Hoare, English archaeologist (b. 1758)
June 14 - Maximilian von Montgelas, Bavarian statesman (b. 1759)
July - December
July 19 - Christmas Evans, preacher (b. 1766)
August 17 - Lorenzo Da Ponte, librettist for Mozart (b. 1749)
August 21 - Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (b. 1781)
September 1 - William Clark, American explorer (b. 1770)
October 1 - Charles Tennant, Scottish chemist and industrialist (b. 1768)
November 21 - Georges Mouton, count of Lobau, Marshal of France (b. 1770)
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