1809
Year 1809 (MDCCCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
January - March
 January 5 - Treaty of the Dardanelles between Britain and the Ottoman Empire concluded.
January 10 - French Marshal Jean Lannes begins the Siege of Zaragoza.
January 16 - Peninsular War: The French defeat the British at the Battle of Corunna.
February 3 - Illinois Territory was created.
February 8 - Franz I of Austria declares war on France,
February 11 - Robert Fulton patents the steamboat.
February 17 - Miami University (Ohio) established on the township of land required to be set aside for it under the conditions of the Miami Purchase in 1794.
February 20 - A decision by the Supreme Court of the United States states that the power of the federal government is greater than any individual state.
February 20 - Siege of Zaragoza grinds to a halt as Jose Palafox surrenders. Over 60,000 had been killed on both sides in 41 days of street fighting.
February 25 - Spanish forces are defeated at the Battle of Valls in Catalonia by Marshal Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr.
March 1 - Embargo Act repealed, Non-Intercourse Act replaces it.
March 4 - James Madison succeeds Thomas Jefferson as the President of the United States.
March 13 - Military coup ousts Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden - he is confined in the Gripsholm Castle.
March 29 - At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden. King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after a coup d'état and is later exiled.
March 29 - The First Battle of Porto ends in disaster as 18,000 Portuguese soldiers are drowned in a rout after defeat by the French under Marshal Soult and the Battle of Medellín results in massive Spanish casualties in Extremadura, when Marshal Victor's cavalry routs their army.
April - June
April 9 - Tyroleans rise against French and Bavarian occupation, most notable militia lead by Andreas Hofer.
April 14 - Napoleon I defeats Austrians in the Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria
April 19 - Battle of Raszyn between armies of Austria (attackers) and Duchy of Warsaw (defenders) as a part of struggles of the Fifth Coalition (1809). The Austrian army was defeated.
April 22 - Battle of Eckmühl - French troops under Napoleon I and Marshal Davout defeat the Austrians under Archduke Charles.
May 5 - Mary Kies is the first American woman to be awarded a patent.
May 5 - The Swiss canton of Aargau denies Jews citizenship.
May 17 - Napoleon I of France orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French empire. When he announces Pope's secular power has ended, pope excommunicates him.
May 21 - Battle of Aspern-Essling: Austrian troops under Archduke Karl beat French under Napoleon in a hard fought battle.
May 24 - Dartmoor Prison opens, first to house French prisoners of war.
June 6 - Sweden promulgates a new Instrument of Government, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates after authoritarian rule since 1772.
June 7 - Shoja Shah of Afghanistan signs a treaty with the British. Only weeks later, he is succeeded by Mahmud Shah.
July - September
July 5-6 - The massive Battle of Wagram in which Napoleon defeats the Austrians.
July 6 - French troops arrest Pope Pius VII and take him to Liguria
July 10 - French Marshal Marmont engages in the inconclusive Battle of Znaim against the Austrians.
July 16 - On 1809 the city of La Paz (current Bolivia) declared its independence from Spanish Crown and formed the Junta Tuitiva, the first independent government in Spanish America, lead by Pedro Domingo Murillo.
July 28 - Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force at the Battle of Talavera.
July 30 - British invasion army lands in Walcheren.
August 8 - 70 disciples of Gaon of Vilnius arrive in Palestine.
August 10 - Ecuador declares independence from Spain.
August 11 - Severe earthquakes strike the Azores and sinks the village of São Miguel.
August 11 - A poorly-led Spanish army was defeated by King Joseph Bonaparte's French army at the Battle of Almonacid de Toledo.
September 17 - Peace of Hamina - Peace between Russia and Sweden in the Finnish War. The territory to become the Grand Duchy of Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn.
September 18 - A new theatre to hold the Royal Opera House opens in London to replace the first burnt down. in a fire in 1808. The price increases led to the Old Price Riots which lasted for 64 days.
October - December
October 11 - Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's Stand.
October 14 - Treaty of Schoenbrunn cedes Illyrian provinces to France.
November 19 - A Spanish army is ridden down and 20,000 are killed by French forces at the Battle of Ocana.
November 25 - Benjamin Bathurst, a British diplomat, mysteriously disappeared (possibly murdered) in Perleberg.
December 26 - British invasion force leaves Vlissingen
December 30 - Wearing masks at balls is forbidden in Boston, Massachusetts.
Undated
USS Constitution (Old Ironsides) is recommissioned as flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron.
Louis Poinsot describes the two remaining Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck publishes Philosophie Zoologique, outlining the concept of evolution.
First running of the 2,000 Guineas Stakes horse race in England.
Nicolas François Appert develops a method to preserve food by means of canning.
Prince Klemens von Metternich becomes Austrian foreign minister.
Ongoing events
Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815) - Peninsular War/Finnish War/Fifth Coalition.
Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812.
January - June
January 1 - Cao Bá Quát, Shi (d. 1855)
January 4 - Louis Braille, French teacher, inventor of braille (d. 1852)
January 15 - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French anarchist (d. 1864)
January 19 - Edgar Allan Poe, American writer and poet (d. 1849)
February 3 - Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (d. 1847)
February 12
*Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (d. 1865)
*Charles Darwin, British naturalist (d. 1882)
February 15 - Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (d. 1884)
February 23 - William Sprague, American minister and politician from Michigan (d. 1868)
March 24 - Joseph Liouville, French mathematician (d. 1882)
March 27 - Georges Haussmann, French civic planner.
March 31 - Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (d. 1852)
April 15 - Hermann Gunter Grassmann, Prussian mathematician (d. 1877)
June 4
*Columbus Delano, American statesman (d. 1896)
*John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (d. 1871)
June 8 - Richard Wigginton Thompson, American politician (d. 1900)
June 20 - Isaak August Dorner, German theologian (d. 1884)
July - December
August 6 - Alfred Lord Tennyson, British poet (d. 1892)
August 8 - Heinrich Abeken, German theologian (d. 1872)
August 27 - Hannibal Hamlin, American politician (d. 1891)
August 29 - Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American physician and writer (d. 1894)
October 22 - Volney E. Howard, American politician (d. 1889)
September 27 - Raphael Semmes, Officer in the USN and the CSN (d.1877)
November 27 - Fanny Kemble, British-born American actress and writer (d. 1893)
December 24 - Kit Carson, American frontiersman (d. 1868)
December 29 - William Ewart Gladstone, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1898)
January - June
January 16 - John Moore, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1761)
February 25 - John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore (Lord Dunmore)
March 7 - Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Austrian composer (b. 1736)
March 11 - Hannah Cowley, English dramatist and poet (b. 1743)
March 25 - Anna Seward, English writer (b. 1747)
March 27 - Joseph-Marie Vien, French painter (b. 1716)
May 13 - Beilby Porteus, English bishop and abolitionist (b. 1731)
May 17 - Leopold Auenbrugger, Austrian physician (b. 1722)
May 31
*Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer (b. 1732)
*Jean Lannes, French marshal (mortally wounded in battle (b. 1769)
June 4 - Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard, Danish painter (b. 1743)
June 8 - Thomas Paine, American revolutionary writer (b. 1737)
July - September
July 6 - Antoine Charles Louis Lasalle, French cavalry general (killed in battle) (b. 1775)
August 8 - Ueda Akinari, Japanese author and scholar (b. 1734)
August 18 - Matthew Boulton, English manufacturer and engineer (b. 1728)
October 8 - James Elphinston, Scottish philologist (b. 1721)
October 11 - Meriwether Lewis, American explorer (suicide) (b. 1774)
October 30 - William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1738)
November 9 - Paul Sandby, English cartographer and painter (b. 1725)
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