The 13 Martyrs of Arad
The 13 Martyrs of Arad were the thirteen Hungarian rebel honvéd generals who were executed on October 6, 1849 in the city of Arad, in Transylvania (presently in Romania), after the Hungarian Revolution (1848-1849) was ended by troops of the Austrian Empire and Imperial Russia, who reestablished Habsburg rule over the area. The execution was ordered by the Austrian general, Julius Freiherr von Haynau.
Brief background
In a speech of surpassing power on March 3, 1848, shortly after news of the revolution in Paris had arrived, Lajos Kossuth demanded parliamentary government for Hungary and constitutional government for the rest of Austria. The Revolution started on March 15, 1848, and Kossuth declared independence on April 19. By May, the Hungarians controlled all of the country except Buda, which they won after a three-week bloody siege. The hopes of ultimate success, however, were frustrated by the intervention of Russia. After all appeals to other European states failed, Kossuth abdicated on August 11, 1849 in favor of Artúr Görgey, whom he thought was the only general who was capable of saving the nation. On August 13, Görgey capitulated at Siria (then called Világos) to the Russians, who handed the army over to the Austrians.[Hungary's War of Independence, János B. Szabó.]At the insistence of the Russians, Görgey was spared but reprisals were taken on the rest of the Hungarian army.
The thirteen Hungarian generals were executed on October 6, 1849. On the same day, Count Lajos Batthyány (1806–1849), the first Hungarian prime minister, was also executed. Kossuth was able to flee to America and steadfastly maintained until his death that Görgey alone was responsible for the humiliation, calling him "Hungary's Judas". [Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions] Others, looking at the impossible situation Görgey was presented with, have been much more favorable toward him, stating that given the circumstances, he was not left with any other options than surrender.
One of the public squares contains a martyrs' monument, erected in their memory. It consists of a colossal figure of Hungary, with four allegorical groups, and medallions of the executed generals.
The nation has come to regard the thirteen rebel generals as martyrs for prompting the ideas of freedom and independence for the Hungarian people. The lives of the thirteen martyrs have been idealized by all future generations of Hungarians. Arad is remembered on October 6 as a day of mourning for the Hungarian nation.
The generals
 Arisztid Dessewffy (1802 – 1849)
Erno Kiss (1799 – 1849)
Erno Poeltenberg (1814- 1849)
György Lahner (1795 – 1849)
Ignác Török (1795 – 1849)
János Damjanich (1804 – 1849)
József Nagy-Sándor (1804 - 1849)
József Schweidel (1796- 1849)
Károly Knezich (1808- 1849)
Károly Leiningen-Westerburg (1819- 1849)
Károly Vécsey (1807- 1849)
Lajos Aulich (1793 – 1849)
Vilmos Lázár (1815- 1849)
Custom
Legend has it that while the revolution leaders were being executed, Austrian generals were drinking beer and arrogantly clinking their beer mugs together in celebration of Hungary's defeat.
Hungarians thus vowed never to clink glasses while drinking beer for 150 years thereafter. Although, theoretically discontinued at the turn of the millennium, in practice, this tradition is still thrives today. Throughout Hungary and Transylvania, the clinking of beer mugs or bottles is considered to be in bad manners.
References
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